Cyprus’ apparent cost of gross general government debt stood at 2% in 2025, up from 1.9% in 2024, according to figures released by Eurostat.
Across the European Union, public debt data show significant differences between member states in the structure of gross general government debt, particularly in terms of maturity, financial instruments and debt holders. Its currency composition, however, is more uniform.
At the end of 2025, all or almost all gross government debt in euro area member states, above 99.5%, was denominated in euro. In Czechia and Sweden, more than 90% of debt was denominated in their national currencies.
Only two EU countries recorded more than 50% of their government debt in foreign currency at the end of 2025. These were Bulgaria, at 75%, including 71% in euro, and Romania, at 53%. Significant shares of foreign-currency debt were also recorded in Hungary, at 32%, Poland, at 26%, and Denmark, at 24%.
Eurostat said that for all non-euro area EU countries, most foreign-currency debt was denominated in euro. Overall, more than 90% of gross general government debt in the EU was denominated either in euro or in the national currencies of non-euro area member states.
In most EU countries for which data were available, the apparent cost of public debt either rose slightly or remained stable between 2024 and 2025.
The highest costs were recorded in Romania, at 5.2%, Poland, at 4.5%, Czechia, at 3.1%, and Italy, at 3.0%.
At the lower end of the scale were Ireland, at 1.4%, Luxembourg, at 1.5%, the Netherlands, at 1.7%, Germany, at 1.8%, and France, Finland and Sweden, each at 1.9%.
According to Eurostat, the cost of debt declined in seven EU countries in 2025, with the largest decreases recorded in Estonia, down 0.8 percentage points, Sweden, down 0.3 points, and Croatia, down 0.2 points.
Source: CNA
